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|image = |imagesize = |imagecaption= |states =Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia |region =Kurdistan |ethnicity =Kurds |speakers =C. 20–30 million |date =2000–2010 est. |ref =〔 Only very rough estimates are possible. SIL ''Ethnologue'' gives estimates broken down by dialect group, totalling 31 million, but with the caveat of "Very provisional figures for Northern Kurdish speaker population". ''Ethnologue'' estimates for dialect groups: Northern: 20.2M (undated; 15M in Turkey for 2009), Central: 6.75M (2009), Southern: 3M (2000), Laki: 1M (2000). The Swedish ''Nationalencyklopedin'' listed Kurdish in its "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), citing an estimate of 20.6 million native speakers. 〕 |familycolor =Indo-European |fam2 =Indo-Iranian |fam3 =Iranian |fam4 =Western |fam5 =Northwestern | ancestor =Median | ancestor2 =Parthian |dia1 =Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) |dia2 =Central Kurdish (Sorani) |dia3 =Southern Kurdish (Pehlewani) |script =In use: Sorani alphabet (Perso-Arabic script; used mostly in Iraq and Iran) Hawar alphabet (Latin script; used mostly in Turkey and Syria) Historical: Armenian alphabet (former Soviet Armenia) Cyrillic alphabet (former Soviet Union) |iso1 =ku |iso2 =kur |iso3 =kur |lc1 =ckb |ld1=Central Kurdish |lc2 =kmr |ld2=Northern Kurdish |lc3 =sdh |ld3=Southern Kurdish |lingua =58-AAA-a (North Kurdish incl. Kurmanji & Kurmanjiki) + 58-AAA-b (Central Kurdish incl. Dimli/Zaza & Gurani) + 58-AAA-c (South Kurdish incl. Kurdi) |glotto = kurd1259 |glottorefname=Kurdish |nation = () |map = Idioma kurdo1.png |mapcaption = |notice =IPA |map2 = Kurdish languages map.svg|mapcaption2 = }} Kurdish (, ) is a continuum of Northwestern Iranian languages spoken by the Kurds in Western Asia. Kurdish forms three dialect groups known as Northern Kurdish (''Kurmanji''), Central Kurdish (''Sorani''), and Southern Kurdish (''Pehlewani''). A separate group of languages, Zaza-Gorani, is also spoken by several million Kurds, but is linguistically not Kurdish.〔Kaya, Mehmet. The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society. ISBN 1-84511-875-8〕〔http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Dargin_-_Working_Paper_-_FINAL.pdf〕〔http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Mid_East_Linguistic_lg.jpg〕 Recent (as of 2009) studies estimate between 20 and 30 million native speakers of Kurdish in total.〔Demographic data is unreliable especially in Turkey, where the largest number of Kurds reside, as Turkey has not permitted gathering ethnic or linguistic census data since 1965; estimates of ethnic Kurds in Turkey range from 10% to 25%, or 8 to 20 million people.〕 The literary output in Kurdish was mostly confined to poetry until the early 20th century, when more general literature began to be developed. Today, there are two principal written Kurdish dialects, namely Kurmanji in the northern parts of the geographical region of Kurdistan, and Sorani further east and south. The standard Sorani form of Central Kurdish is, along with Arabic, one of the two official languages of Iraq and is in political documents simply referred to as ''Kurdish''.〔Allison, Christine. The Yezidi oral tradition in Iraqi Kurdistan. 2001. "However, it was the southern dialect of Kurdish, Sorani, the majority language of the Iraqi Kurds, which received sanction as an official language of Iraq."〕〔Kurdish language issue and a divisive approach. http://www.kurdishacademy.org/?q=node/194〕 ==Classification and origin== The Kurdish languages belong to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. They are generally classified as Northwestern Iranian languages, or by some scholars as intermediate between Northwestern and Southwestern Iranian.〔Gernot Windfuhr, ed., 2009. ''The Iranian Languages''. Routledge.〕 Martin van Bruinessen notes that "Kurdish has a strong south-western Iranian element", whereas "Zaza and Gurani () do belong to the north-west Iranian group".〔Bruinessen, M.M. van. (1994). (Kurdish nationalism and competing ethnic loyalties )〕 Ludwig Paul concludes that Kurdish seems to be a Northwestern Iranian language in origin, but acknowledges that it shares many traits with Southwestern Iranian languages like Persian, apparently due to longstanding and intense historical contacts. Windfuhr identified Kurdish dialects as Parthian, albeit with a Median substratum.〔Windfuhr, Gernot (1975), "Isoglosses: A Sketch on Persians and Parthians, Kurds and Medes", Monumentum H.S. Nyberg II (Acta Iranica-5), Leiden: 457-471〕 The present state of knowledge about Kurdish allows, at least roughly, drawing the approximate borders of the areas where the main ethnic core of the speakers of the contemporary Kurdish dialects was formed. The most argued hypothesis on the localisation of the ethnic territory of the Kurds remains D.N. Mackenzie's theory, proposed in the early 1960s (Mackenzie 1961). Developing the ideas of P. Tedesco (1921: 255) and regarding the common phonetic isoglosses shared by Kurdish, Persian, and Baluchi, Mackenzie concluded that the speakers of these three languages may once have been in closer contact. He has tried to reconstruct the alleged Persian-Kurdish-Baluchi linguistic unity presumably in the central parts of Iran. According to Mackenzie's theory, the Persians (or Proto-Persians) occupied the province of Fars in the southwest (proceeding from the assumption that the Achaemenids spoke Persian), the Baluchis (Proto-Baluchis) inhabited the central areas of Western Iran, and the Kurds (Proto-Kurds), in the wording of G. Windfuhr (1975: 459), lived either in northwestern Luristan or in the province of Isfahan.〔Professor Garnik Asatrian (Yerevan University) (2009)."Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds", Iran and the Caucasus, Vol.13, pp. 1–58, 2009 Published in 2009, Iran and the Caucasus, 13, pp.1-58.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kurdish languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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